The all regions in BULGARIA were administered for the popular council, its chosen for the popular vote, for two years, the council is responsability for the economic, social and cultura politics.
For the other hand BULGARIA has a traditional music, this music is based in popular songs, the principal instruments was the gaita and the kaval, the traditional dances was “the variety of the hour” and “the ruchenitsa” , BULGARIA has many international composers for example the main composer in BULGARIA was PETKO STAINOV, this artista compose classic music.
For the other way The coin in BULGARIA is the lev, the all banks were nationalized in 1947, the NATIONAL BANK is the main principal bank in the country.
Bulgaria has many things to enjoy for example: the pig and the lamb are the meats but common in Bulgaria, the milky products as yogurt and the cheese has an outstanding place in the diet. More habitual the main meals are moussaka, a plate done of pricked meat, potatoes, onions and yogurt, The popular desserts are angel hair; pies and baklava, the coffee is, generally, express or Turk, that is strong and sweet. The meals are accompanied by refreshments, alcohol or coffee, in addition to the food in bulgaria the tourists can enjoy the different entertainments
the main sports in Bulgaria are the soccer, the basketball and the sky, a lot of people in BULGARIA enjoy taking a walk by the field and enjoying the beach in the black sea in summer, also the people from BULGARIA enjoy watching the ballet,the opera and listening classic music too.
lunes, 27 de agosto de 2007
CULTURE IN BULGARIA
THE CULTURE IN BULGARIA
The Bulgarian lands have rich and most diverse cultural heritage. Inhabited since prehistoric times, they keep lasting traces from different ages with rich traditions. Their location on a crossroads explains the intertwining, mixing, the mutual influences of the culture, mores, and religions of tribes and peoples, having lived and crisscrossed the region. Getting in touch with the thousands of cultural messages, bequeathed to us by those living before us is very exciting indeed. Invaluable is the cultural and historical heritage of ancient Thracians, Greeks, Romans, of generations of Bulgarians leaving through their achievements intriguing and useful information about their lifestyle, traditions and their spiritual enlightenment.
One of the earliest traces from Antiquity were found in the Bacho Kiro Cave close to the Dryanovo Monastery. These are flint and bone implements of labour and pottery from the middle and late Paleolithic Age. Of value to science are the finds from the settlement mounds near the village of Hotnitsa (Hotnitsa treasure) and the village of Karanovo (Karanovo settlement mound). The gold objects found in the Varna Chalcolithic necropolis have been described as the oldest processed gold in the world. The most ancient copper mines in Europe have been found in the vicinities of Stara Zagora. Copper ore had been mined in their galleries as far back as at the end of the 5th millennium B.C. and copper products were made. Featuring among the preserved masterpieces of the late prehistoric art in the Balkan Peninsula are the unique cave drawings in the Magoura Cave (northwest of Belogradchik).
Among the most precious relics unearthed in the Bulgarian lands has been the cultural heritage of the Thracians, who had produced incredible artistic and architectural masterpieces. The Thracian art, passing through a long and complicated path of development from the beginning of the late Bronze Age to the end of Antiquity has left remarkable treasures, temples, sanctuaries and cities.
The magnificence of the Thracian treasures is stunning. Standing out among them are the Panagyurishte gold treasure, the Rogozen treasure, the Vulchitrun gold treasure, the Borovo silver treasure, the Vratsa treasure, etc. Valuable and beautiful with their exquisite decorations are also the Kralevsko gold treasure, the Letnitsa treasure, the Lukovit treasure.
Listed among the favourite sites of cultural tourism in Bulgaria are the Kazanluk tomb and the Sveshtari tomb, included in the list of the UNESCO-protected world cultural heritage. Of interest is the Alexandrovo tomb (near the village of Alexandrovo, Haskovo region) with valuable murals, the Mezek Thracian tomb (Haskovo region). Intriguing details of the building technique and artistic methods from Antiquity can also be identified in the remains of the royal Thracian cities of Kabile (in the vicinity of Yambol) and Seuthopolis (under the waters of the Koprinka Dam near Kazanluk), as well as in the Greek Black Sea coast colonies of Odessos (Varna), Apollonia (Sozopol), Messembria (Nessebur), Dionysopolis (Balchik), to mention just a few. Quite a few of which developed over old Thracian settlements.
The region of the Kazanluk valley (known as the Valley of Roses) became particularly popular in the 1990s, as new tombs were unearthed there, presenting the evolution of the Thracian culture in the 5th-4th century BC. Bulgaria and the world started to speak about the Valley of the Thracian kings.
During the last few years the findings of the Bulgarian archaeologists have been bordering on sensations. Enormous interest has been shown in the Starosel Thracian cult centre (near Hissarya, Plovdiv region), in Perperikon (by the side of Kurdzhali, in the eastern parts of the Rhodope Mountains), where a rock-built sacred city of the Thracians has been unearthed, in Tatoul, in the treasures of Zlatinitsa and Sinemorets.
Traces of structures from Roman times can be identified to this day: fortress walls and forums, temples and thermae, amphitheatres, stadiums and buildings of various assignment in the ancient cities of Philipopolis/Trimontium (present-day Plovdiv), Serdica (present-day Sofia), Odessos (present-day Varna), Pautalia (present-day Kyustendil), Diocletianopolis (present-day Hissarya), Abritus (present-day Razgrad), Nicopolis ad Istrum (north of Veliko Turnovo), Nicopolis ad Nestrum (east of present-day Gotse Delchev), Novae (next to Svishtov), Sexaginta Prista (present-day Rouse). Many of them, partially restored and adequately presented, give an idea of the skills of the builders and architects of yore. Among the best known are the ancient theatre in Plovdiv, the Roman thermae in Varna, the museum display in the open of Sexaginta Prista in the central part of Rouse, the impressive remains of ancient thermae (the Asclepion of Pautalia) in Kyustendil and many more. Very interesting and highly valuable are the late Antiquity floor mosaics from Augusta Trajana (present-day Stara Zagora), the Roman and early Byzantine mosaics of what had once been Martianopolis (an archaeological reserve), the mosaics in the Mosaics Museum, the only one of its kind, in Devnya. Dated to that same age are: the Silistra vaulted tomb, the Pomorie domed tomb, the Hissarya family tomb, known for its original frescoes.
When in the 4th century A.D. the Christian religion gained equal rights with the rest of the religious confessions, the construction of Christian temples began in the Bulgarian lands. Interesting from a scholarly point of view and very frequented are the early Christian churches of St Sophia and the rotunda of St George in Sofia, the Church of St Sophia (the old Bishopric) in Nessebur, the Chervenata [Red] Church near Perushtitsa and some others.
There is keen and fully justified interest in the cultural and historical monuments that have survived from the time of Danubian Bulgaria, founded by Khan Asparouh. The stunning remains of Pliska and Veliki Preslav (the first and the second capital of Danubian Bulgaria) are living evidence of the traditional building skills, brought by the old Bulgarians. Their grand architecture is kind of a symbol of the political, economic and cultural upsurge of the medieval Bulgarian state. The reign of Simeon the Great, marked by an exceptional political upsurge and the flowering of culture and letters, has been referred to as a Golden Age of Bulgarian Culture.
The Madara Horseman rock relief is the most significant Early Medieval item of Bulgarian monumental art and the only one of its kind in the European cultural history (located near the village of Madara, Shoumen region). It has been included in the list of the world heritage under UNESCO protection.
Veliko Turnovo has been the living symbol of Bulgarian statehood over the ages. It is one of the most visited towns in Bulgaria. Part of the city territory has been declared a museum reserve. The brilliant capital of the Bulgarian Kingdom during the 12th-14th centuries, Turnovo was among the largest cities in terms of area and population in the Southeast Europe of that time. What has survived to date (partially or wholly restored) takes us again to the time of the regal Turnovgrad city, when magnificent palaces, monasteries, churches, fortifications, bridges and big buildings were erected. The flowering of the remarkable Turnovo School of Art was directly related to the economic and political strengthening of the kingdom, with the large-scale construction and intensive literary activities in the royal court, in the bishopric and the monasteries. Among the peak artistic achievements are the book miniatures, some of which can be seen to this day (in the Gospel of Ivan Alexander, the Manases Chronicle, the Tomichov Psalmbook and some others). The most remarkable cultural achievement in the late Middle Ages in Bulgaria and the most remarkable Bulgarian literary phenomenon during the 14th century was the Turnovo Literary School, connected with the activities of Patriarch Euthymius.
Featuring among the cultural monuments that have survived from that period are the murals in some of the Turnovo churches, the icons in the churches in Nessebur and elsewhere. Worthy of special attention are the unique frescoes in the Boyana Church and the Ivanovo rock churches, appreciated for their true value and included in the list of the world cultural heritage under the protection of UNESCO. These indisputable masterpieces of medieval Bulgarian art present to the world the achievements of the Bulgarian creative genius.
Church murals painted during the period of Ottoman domination can be seen in the churches of the Kremikovtsi, Dragalevtsi and some other monasteries in what has been referred to as the Sofia (Small) Mount Atho,s near the city of Sofia; in the Orlitsa Nunnery of the Rila Monastery; in Arbanassi and other churches and monasteries.
The exclusive upsurge in architecture and the fine arts, accompanying the National Revival Period, found expression in the erection of remarkable housing and public buildings, in representative churches and monasteries. The remarkable art schools of Samokov, Tryavna and Bansko came into being in that serene period rife with constructive energy. Their representatives produced extraordinary pieces of woodcarving, icon painting and painting.
Objects of cultural tourism are both a number of settlements and town districts, having preserved the atmosphere of the National Revival period like Koprivshtitsa, the Old Plovdiv, Veliko Turnovo, Arbanassi, Zheravna, Bozhentsi, Tryavna, Bansko, Melnik and some others (some of them have the status of cultural and historical reservations), as well as remarkable monasteries and churches, among which are the Rila, Bachkovo, Troyan, Rozhen, Preobrazhenski [Transfiguration] monasteries, the Church of the Holy Virgin in Pazardzhik, the Church of the Holy Trinity in Bansko and some others. Becoming lively centers of the cultural and socio-political life in the 18th-19th centuries, the Bulgarian monasteries became natural breeding grounds for the spiritual and material creativity of the awakening Bulgarian nation.
The period following Bulgaria?s Liberation (1878) was characterized by sweeping construction. Urban development plans were made en masse, the town and city centers were shaped, solid buildings of a new, European look were put up, decoration of the urban houses was modernized. Special saloons, deluxe cafes and clubs came into being, where topical matters, associated with the culture and policy of post-liberation Bulgaria were discussed in an agreeable and refined atmosphere. The European influence spread increasingly more tangibly both in the lifestyle and customs of the people and in the architectural outline of the newly built structures. Cities like Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna, Rouse, Bourgas and others were undergoing rapid and visible changes over the years.
A great number of the present-day Bulgarian cities naturally combine their centuries-long history and
www.bulgariatravel.org
The Bulgarian lands have rich and most diverse cultural heritage. Inhabited since prehistoric times, they keep lasting traces from different ages with rich traditions. Their location on a crossroads explains the intertwining, mixing, the mutual influences of the culture, mores, and religions of tribes and peoples, having lived and crisscrossed the region. Getting in touch with the thousands of cultural messages, bequeathed to us by those living before us is very exciting indeed. Invaluable is the cultural and historical heritage of ancient Thracians, Greeks, Romans, of generations of Bulgarians leaving through their achievements intriguing and useful information about their lifestyle, traditions and their spiritual enlightenment.
One of the earliest traces from Antiquity were found in the Bacho Kiro Cave close to the Dryanovo Monastery. These are flint and bone implements of labour and pottery from the middle and late Paleolithic Age. Of value to science are the finds from the settlement mounds near the village of Hotnitsa (Hotnitsa treasure) and the village of Karanovo (Karanovo settlement mound). The gold objects found in the Varna Chalcolithic necropolis have been described as the oldest processed gold in the world. The most ancient copper mines in Europe have been found in the vicinities of Stara Zagora. Copper ore had been mined in their galleries as far back as at the end of the 5th millennium B.C. and copper products were made. Featuring among the preserved masterpieces of the late prehistoric art in the Balkan Peninsula are the unique cave drawings in the Magoura Cave (northwest of Belogradchik).
Among the most precious relics unearthed in the Bulgarian lands has been the cultural heritage of the Thracians, who had produced incredible artistic and architectural masterpieces. The Thracian art, passing through a long and complicated path of development from the beginning of the late Bronze Age to the end of Antiquity has left remarkable treasures, temples, sanctuaries and cities.
The magnificence of the Thracian treasures is stunning. Standing out among them are the Panagyurishte gold treasure, the Rogozen treasure, the Vulchitrun gold treasure, the Borovo silver treasure, the Vratsa treasure, etc. Valuable and beautiful with their exquisite decorations are also the Kralevsko gold treasure, the Letnitsa treasure, the Lukovit treasure.
Listed among the favourite sites of cultural tourism in Bulgaria are the Kazanluk tomb and the Sveshtari tomb, included in the list of the UNESCO-protected world cultural heritage. Of interest is the Alexandrovo tomb (near the village of Alexandrovo, Haskovo region) with valuable murals, the Mezek Thracian tomb (Haskovo region). Intriguing details of the building technique and artistic methods from Antiquity can also be identified in the remains of the royal Thracian cities of Kabile (in the vicinity of Yambol) and Seuthopolis (under the waters of the Koprinka Dam near Kazanluk), as well as in the Greek Black Sea coast colonies of Odessos (Varna), Apollonia (Sozopol), Messembria (Nessebur), Dionysopolis (Balchik), to mention just a few. Quite a few of which developed over old Thracian settlements.
The region of the Kazanluk valley (known as the Valley of Roses) became particularly popular in the 1990s, as new tombs were unearthed there, presenting the evolution of the Thracian culture in the 5th-4th century BC. Bulgaria and the world started to speak about the Valley of the Thracian kings.
During the last few years the findings of the Bulgarian archaeologists have been bordering on sensations. Enormous interest has been shown in the Starosel Thracian cult centre (near Hissarya, Plovdiv region), in Perperikon (by the side of Kurdzhali, in the eastern parts of the Rhodope Mountains), where a rock-built sacred city of the Thracians has been unearthed, in Tatoul, in the treasures of Zlatinitsa and Sinemorets.
Traces of structures from Roman times can be identified to this day: fortress walls and forums, temples and thermae, amphitheatres, stadiums and buildings of various assignment in the ancient cities of Philipopolis/Trimontium (present-day Plovdiv), Serdica (present-day Sofia), Odessos (present-day Varna), Pautalia (present-day Kyustendil), Diocletianopolis (present-day Hissarya), Abritus (present-day Razgrad), Nicopolis ad Istrum (north of Veliko Turnovo), Nicopolis ad Nestrum (east of present-day Gotse Delchev), Novae (next to Svishtov), Sexaginta Prista (present-day Rouse). Many of them, partially restored and adequately presented, give an idea of the skills of the builders and architects of yore. Among the best known are the ancient theatre in Plovdiv, the Roman thermae in Varna, the museum display in the open of Sexaginta Prista in the central part of Rouse, the impressive remains of ancient thermae (the Asclepion of Pautalia) in Kyustendil and many more. Very interesting and highly valuable are the late Antiquity floor mosaics from Augusta Trajana (present-day Stara Zagora), the Roman and early Byzantine mosaics of what had once been Martianopolis (an archaeological reserve), the mosaics in the Mosaics Museum, the only one of its kind, in Devnya. Dated to that same age are: the Silistra vaulted tomb, the Pomorie domed tomb, the Hissarya family tomb, known for its original frescoes.
When in the 4th century A.D. the Christian religion gained equal rights with the rest of the religious confessions, the construction of Christian temples began in the Bulgarian lands. Interesting from a scholarly point of view and very frequented are the early Christian churches of St Sophia and the rotunda of St George in Sofia, the Church of St Sophia (the old Bishopric) in Nessebur, the Chervenata [Red] Church near Perushtitsa and some others.
There is keen and fully justified interest in the cultural and historical monuments that have survived from the time of Danubian Bulgaria, founded by Khan Asparouh. The stunning remains of Pliska and Veliki Preslav (the first and the second capital of Danubian Bulgaria) are living evidence of the traditional building skills, brought by the old Bulgarians. Their grand architecture is kind of a symbol of the political, economic and cultural upsurge of the medieval Bulgarian state. The reign of Simeon the Great, marked by an exceptional political upsurge and the flowering of culture and letters, has been referred to as a Golden Age of Bulgarian Culture.
The Madara Horseman rock relief is the most significant Early Medieval item of Bulgarian monumental art and the only one of its kind in the European cultural history (located near the village of Madara, Shoumen region). It has been included in the list of the world heritage under UNESCO protection.
Veliko Turnovo has been the living symbol of Bulgarian statehood over the ages. It is one of the most visited towns in Bulgaria. Part of the city territory has been declared a museum reserve. The brilliant capital of the Bulgarian Kingdom during the 12th-14th centuries, Turnovo was among the largest cities in terms of area and population in the Southeast Europe of that time. What has survived to date (partially or wholly restored) takes us again to the time of the regal Turnovgrad city, when magnificent palaces, monasteries, churches, fortifications, bridges and big buildings were erected. The flowering of the remarkable Turnovo School of Art was directly related to the economic and political strengthening of the kingdom, with the large-scale construction and intensive literary activities in the royal court, in the bishopric and the monasteries. Among the peak artistic achievements are the book miniatures, some of which can be seen to this day (in the Gospel of Ivan Alexander, the Manases Chronicle, the Tomichov Psalmbook and some others). The most remarkable cultural achievement in the late Middle Ages in Bulgaria and the most remarkable Bulgarian literary phenomenon during the 14th century was the Turnovo Literary School, connected with the activities of Patriarch Euthymius.
Featuring among the cultural monuments that have survived from that period are the murals in some of the Turnovo churches, the icons in the churches in Nessebur and elsewhere. Worthy of special attention are the unique frescoes in the Boyana Church and the Ivanovo rock churches, appreciated for their true value and included in the list of the world cultural heritage under the protection of UNESCO. These indisputable masterpieces of medieval Bulgarian art present to the world the achievements of the Bulgarian creative genius.
Church murals painted during the period of Ottoman domination can be seen in the churches of the Kremikovtsi, Dragalevtsi and some other monasteries in what has been referred to as the Sofia (Small) Mount Atho,s near the city of Sofia; in the Orlitsa Nunnery of the Rila Monastery; in Arbanassi and other churches and monasteries.
The exclusive upsurge in architecture and the fine arts, accompanying the National Revival Period, found expression in the erection of remarkable housing and public buildings, in representative churches and monasteries. The remarkable art schools of Samokov, Tryavna and Bansko came into being in that serene period rife with constructive energy. Their representatives produced extraordinary pieces of woodcarving, icon painting and painting.
Objects of cultural tourism are both a number of settlements and town districts, having preserved the atmosphere of the National Revival period like Koprivshtitsa, the Old Plovdiv, Veliko Turnovo, Arbanassi, Zheravna, Bozhentsi, Tryavna, Bansko, Melnik and some others (some of them have the status of cultural and historical reservations), as well as remarkable monasteries and churches, among which are the Rila, Bachkovo, Troyan, Rozhen, Preobrazhenski [Transfiguration] monasteries, the Church of the Holy Virgin in Pazardzhik, the Church of the Holy Trinity in Bansko and some others. Becoming lively centers of the cultural and socio-political life in the 18th-19th centuries, the Bulgarian monasteries became natural breeding grounds for the spiritual and material creativity of the awakening Bulgarian nation.
The period following Bulgaria?s Liberation (1878) was characterized by sweeping construction. Urban development plans were made en masse, the town and city centers were shaped, solid buildings of a new, European look were put up, decoration of the urban houses was modernized. Special saloons, deluxe cafes and clubs came into being, where topical matters, associated with the culture and policy of post-liberation Bulgaria were discussed in an agreeable and refined atmosphere. The European influence spread increasingly more tangibly both in the lifestyle and customs of the people and in the architectural outline of the newly built structures. Cities like Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna, Rouse, Bourgas and others were undergoing rapid and visible changes over the years.
A great number of the present-day Bulgarian cities naturally combine their centuries-long history and
www.bulgariatravel.org
jueves, 23 de agosto de 2007
bulgaria locate and weather
This country is located in the east of Europe, its limited in the north with Romania, in the south with Greek and turquish, in the east with the black sea and finally in the west with Yugoslavia, BULGARIA has nine million of people, For the other hand the capital of Bulgaria is SOFIA, this is a beautiful city, its have many hotels and many restaurant too, SOFIA has one million of people, The climb in Bulgaria is wonderful because in the north is moderate continental and the south is continental, however the temperature medium is 10 grade centigrade and the minimum in winter is 38 grade centigrade, the official language in BULGARIA is the bulgaro however the Bulgarian people used the Romany and the English too.
the kingdom of bulgaria
“The Kingdom of Bulgaria
Following the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78 (when Russian forces together with a Romanian expeditionary force and volunteer Bulgarian rebels defeated the Ottoman forces) and the Treaty of San Stefano of March 3, 1878, an autonomous Bulgarian principality was proclaimed. The treaty was immediately rejected by the Great Powers for fear that a large Slavic country on the Balkans would serve Russian interests. This led to the Treaty of Berlin (1878) which provided for an autonomous Bulgarian principality comprising Moesia and the region of Sofia. The first Bulgarian prince was Alexander von Battenberg. Most of Thrace was included in the autonomous region of Eastern Rumelia, whereas the rest of Thrace and all of Macedonia was returned under the sovereignty of the Ottomans. After the Serbo-Bulgarian War and unification with Eastern Rumelia in 1885, the principality was proclaimed a fully independent kingdom on October 5 (September 22 O.S.), 1908, during the reign of Ferdinand I of Bulgaria.
Ferdinand, a prince from the ducal family of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, became the Bulgarian prince after Alexander von Battenberg abdicated in 1886 following a coup d'état staged by pro-Russian army-officers. (Although the counter coup d'état coordinated by Stefan Stambolov was successful, Battenberg could not remain Bulgarian prince without the approval of Alexander III of Russia.) The struggle for liberation of the Bulgarians in the Adrianople, Vilayet and Macedonia continued throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries culminating with the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising organised by the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization in 1903.
The People's Republic of Bulgaria
After World War II, Bulgaria fell within the Soviet sphere of influence. It became a People's Republic in 1946 and one of the USSR's staunchest allies. In the late 1970s, it began normalizing relations with Greece, and in the 1990s with Turkey. The People's Republic ended in 1989 as many Communist regimes in Eastern Europe, as well as the Soviet Union itself, began to collapse. The Bulgarian Communist leader Todor Zhivkov was removed from power on 10 November 1989.
[The Republic of Bulgaria
In February 1990 the Communist Party voluntarily gave up its monopoly on power and in June 1990 the first free elections since 1931 took place, won by the moderate wing of the Communist Party, renamed the Bulgarian Socialist Party. In July 1991 a new Constitution was adopted, in which there was a weak elected President and a Prime Minister accountable to the legislature.
The anti-Communist Union of Democratic Forces took office and between 1992 and 1994 carried through the privatization of land and industry, but accompanied by massive unemployment and economic difficulties. The reaction against economic reform allowed BSP to take office again in 1995, but by 1996 the BSP government was also in difficulties, and in the presidential elections of that year the UDF's Petar Stoyanov was elected. In 1997 the BSP government collapsed and the UDF came to power. Unemployment, however, remained high and the electorate became increasingly dissatisfied with both parties.
On June 17, 2001 Simeon II, the son of Tsar Boris III and head of state as the Tsar of Bulgaria from 1943 to 1946, won a narrow victory in the democratic elections held. The king's party - National Movement Simeon II ("NMSII") - won 120 out of 240 seats in Parliament and overturned the two pre-existing political parties. Simeon's popularity declined during his four-year rule as Prime Minister, and BSP won the elections in 2005.
Since 1989 Bulgaria has held multi-party elections and privatized its economy, but economic difficulties and a tide of corruption have led over 800,000 Bulgarians, most of them qualified professionals, to emigrate.
POLITICS
Bulgaria joined NATO on March 29, 2004 and signed the Treaty of Accession on 25 April 2005. It became a full member of the European Union on 1 January 2007. The country had joined the United Nations in 1955, and is a founding member of OSCE. As a Consultative Party to the Antarctic Treaty, Bulgaria takes part in the governing of the territories situated south of 60° south latitude.
Georgi Parvanov, the President of Bulgaria since 22 January 2002, won re-election on 29 October 2006 and began his second term in office in January 2007. Bulgarian presidents are directly elected for a five-year term with the right to one re-election. The president serves as the head of state and commander in chief of the armed forces. He is also the head of the Consultative Council for National Security and, while unable to initiate legislation other than Constitutional amendments, the President can return a bill for further debate, although the parliament can override the President's veto by vote of a majority of all MPs.
Since 18 August 2005 Sergey Stanishev as PM has chaired the Council of Ministers, the principal body of the executive branch, which presently consists of 20 ministers. The Prime Minister is usually nominated by the largest parliamentary group, and is given a mandate by the President to form a cabinet.
The current governmental coalition comprises the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), National Movement Simeon II (NMS) and the Movement for Rights and Freedoms (representing mainly the Turkish minority).
The Bulgarian unicameral parliament, the National Assembly or Narodno Sabranie (Народно събрание), consists of 240 deputies, each elected for four-year terms by popular vote. The votes are for party or coalition lists of candidates for each of the 28 administrative divisions. A party or coalition must garner a minimum of 4% of the vote in order to enter parliament. Parliament is responsible for enactment of laws, approval of the budget, scheduling of presidential elections, selection and dismissal of the Prime Minister and other ministers, declaration of war, deployment of troops outside of Bulgaria, and ratification of international treaties and agreements.
The last elections took place on June 2005. The next elections should take place in summer 2009.
The Bulgarian judicial system consists of regional, district and appeal courts, as well as a Supreme Court of Cassation. In addition, Bulgaria has a Supreme Administrative Court and a system of military courts. The Presidents of the Supreme Court of Cassation, Supreme Administrative Court and the Prosecutor General are elected by a qualified majority of two-thirds from all the members of the Supreme Judicial Council and are appointed by the President of the Republic. The Supreme Judicial Council is in charge of the self-administration and organization of the Judiciary.
The Constitutional Court supervises the review of the constitutionality of laws and statutes brought before it, as well as the compliance of these laws with international treaties that the Government has signed. Parliament elects the twelve members of the Constitutional Court by a two-thirds majority, the members serve a nine-year term.
The territory of the Republic of Bulgaria subdivides into provinces and municipalities. In all, Bulgaria has 28 provinces, each headed by a provincial governor appointed by the government. In addition, there are 263 municipalities.”
www.wikipedia.com
Following the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78 (when Russian forces together with a Romanian expeditionary force and volunteer Bulgarian rebels defeated the Ottoman forces) and the Treaty of San Stefano of March 3, 1878, an autonomous Bulgarian principality was proclaimed. The treaty was immediately rejected by the Great Powers for fear that a large Slavic country on the Balkans would serve Russian interests. This led to the Treaty of Berlin (1878) which provided for an autonomous Bulgarian principality comprising Moesia and the region of Sofia. The first Bulgarian prince was Alexander von Battenberg. Most of Thrace was included in the autonomous region of Eastern Rumelia, whereas the rest of Thrace and all of Macedonia was returned under the sovereignty of the Ottomans. After the Serbo-Bulgarian War and unification with Eastern Rumelia in 1885, the principality was proclaimed a fully independent kingdom on October 5 (September 22 O.S.), 1908, during the reign of Ferdinand I of Bulgaria.
Ferdinand, a prince from the ducal family of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, became the Bulgarian prince after Alexander von Battenberg abdicated in 1886 following a coup d'état staged by pro-Russian army-officers. (Although the counter coup d'état coordinated by Stefan Stambolov was successful, Battenberg could not remain Bulgarian prince without the approval of Alexander III of Russia.) The struggle for liberation of the Bulgarians in the Adrianople, Vilayet and Macedonia continued throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries culminating with the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising organised by the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization in 1903.
The People's Republic of Bulgaria
After World War II, Bulgaria fell within the Soviet sphere of influence. It became a People's Republic in 1946 and one of the USSR's staunchest allies. In the late 1970s, it began normalizing relations with Greece, and in the 1990s with Turkey. The People's Republic ended in 1989 as many Communist regimes in Eastern Europe, as well as the Soviet Union itself, began to collapse. The Bulgarian Communist leader Todor Zhivkov was removed from power on 10 November 1989.
[The Republic of Bulgaria
In February 1990 the Communist Party voluntarily gave up its monopoly on power and in June 1990 the first free elections since 1931 took place, won by the moderate wing of the Communist Party, renamed the Bulgarian Socialist Party. In July 1991 a new Constitution was adopted, in which there was a weak elected President and a Prime Minister accountable to the legislature.
The anti-Communist Union of Democratic Forces took office and between 1992 and 1994 carried through the privatization of land and industry, but accompanied by massive unemployment and economic difficulties. The reaction against economic reform allowed BSP to take office again in 1995, but by 1996 the BSP government was also in difficulties, and in the presidential elections of that year the UDF's Petar Stoyanov was elected. In 1997 the BSP government collapsed and the UDF came to power. Unemployment, however, remained high and the electorate became increasingly dissatisfied with both parties.
On June 17, 2001 Simeon II, the son of Tsar Boris III and head of state as the Tsar of Bulgaria from 1943 to 1946, won a narrow victory in the democratic elections held. The king's party - National Movement Simeon II ("NMSII") - won 120 out of 240 seats in Parliament and overturned the two pre-existing political parties. Simeon's popularity declined during his four-year rule as Prime Minister, and BSP won the elections in 2005.
Since 1989 Bulgaria has held multi-party elections and privatized its economy, but economic difficulties and a tide of corruption have led over 800,000 Bulgarians, most of them qualified professionals, to emigrate.
POLITICS
Bulgaria joined NATO on March 29, 2004 and signed the Treaty of Accession on 25 April 2005. It became a full member of the European Union on 1 January 2007. The country had joined the United Nations in 1955, and is a founding member of OSCE. As a Consultative Party to the Antarctic Treaty, Bulgaria takes part in the governing of the territories situated south of 60° south latitude.
Georgi Parvanov, the President of Bulgaria since 22 January 2002, won re-election on 29 October 2006 and began his second term in office in January 2007. Bulgarian presidents are directly elected for a five-year term with the right to one re-election. The president serves as the head of state and commander in chief of the armed forces. He is also the head of the Consultative Council for National Security and, while unable to initiate legislation other than Constitutional amendments, the President can return a bill for further debate, although the parliament can override the President's veto by vote of a majority of all MPs.
Since 18 August 2005 Sergey Stanishev as PM has chaired the Council of Ministers, the principal body of the executive branch, which presently consists of 20 ministers. The Prime Minister is usually nominated by the largest parliamentary group, and is given a mandate by the President to form a cabinet.
The current governmental coalition comprises the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), National Movement Simeon II (NMS) and the Movement for Rights and Freedoms (representing mainly the Turkish minority).
The Bulgarian unicameral parliament, the National Assembly or Narodno Sabranie (Народно събрание), consists of 240 deputies, each elected for four-year terms by popular vote. The votes are for party or coalition lists of candidates for each of the 28 administrative divisions. A party or coalition must garner a minimum of 4% of the vote in order to enter parliament. Parliament is responsible for enactment of laws, approval of the budget, scheduling of presidential elections, selection and dismissal of the Prime Minister and other ministers, declaration of war, deployment of troops outside of Bulgaria, and ratification of international treaties and agreements.
The last elections took place on June 2005. The next elections should take place in summer 2009.
The Bulgarian judicial system consists of regional, district and appeal courts, as well as a Supreme Court of Cassation. In addition, Bulgaria has a Supreme Administrative Court and a system of military courts. The Presidents of the Supreme Court of Cassation, Supreme Administrative Court and the Prosecutor General are elected by a qualified majority of two-thirds from all the members of the Supreme Judicial Council and are appointed by the President of the Republic. The Supreme Judicial Council is in charge of the self-administration and organization of the Judiciary.
The Constitutional Court supervises the review of the constitutionality of laws and statutes brought before it, as well as the compliance of these laws with international treaties that the Government has signed. Parliament elects the twelve members of the Constitutional Court by a two-thirds majority, the members serve a nine-year term.
The territory of the Republic of Bulgaria subdivides into provinces and municipalities. In all, Bulgaria has 28 provinces, each headed by a provincial governor appointed by the government. In addition, there are 263 municipalities.”
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